1. Myron Gable, Henry T. Wilkins, Lynn Harris, and Richard Feinberg
(1987). An Evaluation of Subliminally Embedded Sexual Stimuli in
Graphics. Journal of Advertising, 16 (1): 26-31.
The effect of embedded sexual stimuli in graphics is =
examined
in an experiment with a sample of college students. An =
edited
version of a print ad for an existing brand is used for each
of four product categories - camera, pen, beer, and food.
Results show no significant impact of subliminally embedded
sexual words and/or symbols in product photographs on
consumer preference.
2. Joel Saegert (1987). Why Marketing Should Quit Giving Subliminal
Advertising the Benefit of the Doubt. Psychology and Marketing, =
4 (2):
107-20.
This article reviews the current status of subliminal
advertising. Theoretical foundations and empirical findings
regarding the effects of subliminal advertising are
discussed, along with their theoretical and practical
implications. It is argued that subliminal advertising is =
not
a useful promotional technique.
3. Martin P. Block and Bruce C. Vanden Bergh (1985). Can You Sell
Subliminal Messages to Consumers? Journal of Advertising, 14 (3):
59-62.
Through a telephone survey this study investigates consumer
attitudes toward the use of subliminal messages for =
self-help
purposes. Consumers are found to be concerned about being
influenced to do things they do not want to do and skeptical
of the efficacy of subliminal techniques for losing weight,
stopping smoking, and improving study habits.
4. Bliss, Thomas Albert (1983). Subliminal Projection: History and
Analysis. COMM/ENT Law Journal, 5: 419-441.
Reviews the legal issues surrounding this topic.
5. Richards, Jef I. , and Richard D. Zakia (1981). Pictures: An
Advertiser's Expressway Through FTC Regulation. Georgia Law =
Review, 16:
77-134.
Discusses the difficulties in regulation, and lack of
attention from regulators, surrounding the role of pictures
in advertisements.
6. Wilson Bryan Key (1980). The Clam-Plate Orgy: And Other =
Subliminals the
Media Use to Manipulate Your Behavior, Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice-Hall, Inc.
The third book.
7. Wilson Bryan Key (1976). Media Sexploitation, Englewood Cliffs, =
NJ:
Prentice-Hall, Inc.
The second of his books on the topic.
8. Wilson Bryan Key (1973). Subliminal Seduction: Ad Media's =
Manipulation
of a Not So Innocent America, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: =
Prentice-Hall, Inc.
This is the book that really started the controversy.
9. Dixon, N.F. (1971). Subliminal Perception: The Nature of a =
Controversy,
London, England: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd.
A review of all the psychological research on this topic, by
a Reader in Psychology, at University College in London.
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=A9 1995 Jef I. Richards. Some material here may be subject to =
copyrights of
other contributors.
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DEPARTMENT OF ADVERTISING, THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN